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The Demoiselle cranes of Kichan

January 14th/15th

We found ourselves in the town of Phalodi on Sankranti this year.  Here were we, more than 2,000 kms from our home in Madras, where I grew and schooled.  I discover that two of my classmates have their ancestral roots here.  It somehow blew my mind then, and continues to do so now, as to how families just upped and moved across the continent.  Their migration similar to the long one that the cranes undertake it seemed.

We trundled in to the neighbouring town of Kichan on the evening of 14th to see the visiting Demoiselle cranes at the lake in the town.

This was our first sighting of these birds, as the sun was setting.  The local villagers and children seemed to pay no notice to them.

And neither were they bothered by us.  Coming all the way from Mongolia every winter and familiar to the locals as koonj.

Supposedly in Hindi litereature of old, a beautiful woman was compared to the koonj, with its graceful neck!

The little lake had other residents - lapwings, stilt, shovellers, godwit, kingfishers, little grebes - but of course the cranes were the big attraction for us.

As the sun dipped we could see the spire of the local temple.

Rakesh and Mukesh who befriended Sekar.  They quite charmed him, as he gave them his camera and made them click a couple of pictures!

We checked in to Fort View Hotel at neighbouring Phalodi, a neat  little hotel which had used the crumbling fort next door as a billboard sadly!

The chugga ghars of Kichan were our destination the next morning.

And because he is a better narrator of stories,
 
Sekar writes

Phalodi is a nondescript town on the Jodhpur-Jaisalmer road.  As you enter the town and drive past the railway station, you are assaulted by the sights and smells of small town India.  Cattle, goats, pigs, two-wheelers, autos, lorries, cars, buses and pedestrians all jostle for space on pockmarked remnants of roads.  Sewage spills out of the open drains, there is litter everywhere as is that bane of today’s India: plastic waste. 

We entered the town at dusk, past long lines of dimly lit shops, establishments selling auto parts jostling for space with eateries, godowns, money lenders and recycled waste peddlers.

Why would anyone want to live in a place like this?  Why does an entire town need to look like the contents of a dustbin?  And why this cacaphony of trade and traffic?  And, as with every Indian town crowded with right-angled concrete pillar and beam structures, why this complete lack of aesthetics?

Quite abruptly, we turned into a narrower lane complete with open sewer, and with much less room to manouevre.  No pigs and dogs here: only cattle occupying the middle ground and daring vehicles to bump them as they attempted to squeeze past.  As we drove further into the lane, it struck me, one, that the noise levels were lower; two, that we were in a residential part of town; and three, that the residences themselves were not unadorned concrete and brick rectangles.  Dusk was nigh and the light fading, but we could see that house after house had red sandstone facades, many with elaborate carvings.  Some houses had small overhanging balconies. Elaborate carved doors and windows faced the street.  The buzz and noise of India were largely absent and this was puzzling.

 

We had a little time early the next morning and decided to explore.

School girls, smartly dressed in their winter uniforms, went by on bicycles, wishing us good morning and wanting to know if we needed directions.  It was nice to see such good cheer on a dull, cold, and foggy morning.   

We walked past a shabby fort with crumbling walls, modest by Rajasthani standards.  Advertisements and graffiti covered the lower ramparts.   

Mere antiquity without history or aesthetics is meaningless it seems.  I wondered how long it would be before the real estate the fort enclosed fell victim to modern development.

 

We then turned into the street with the sandstone facades.  

This part of town was indeed different.  The houses we had seen the previous evening lined both sides of the streets like books on a packed bookshelf.  There were no trees on the street and no front yards or gardens: the houses opened directly onto the street.  The houses themselves were in various states of repair.  Some were derelict and unoccupied; others locked up but clearly being maintained; and yet others with open doors, drains emptying into the open sewers, and people going about their early morning business.   

We could see courtyards, some with trees or little gardens, through the open doors.

The stonework adorned the first floors in most cases.  The windows were framed with elaborate carvings and topped with varied overhanging eaves all in the same red sandstone.  The houses looked broadly similar: two stories in most cases, similar windows and doors, and the same red sandstone faces.  Details marked each one from its neighbour.  They differed in size, though.  Modest buildings with a single pair of windows flanking their doors stood next to grand havelis that stretched half the length of the street.  

One in particular stood out, both for its size and the richness of its ornamentation.  Built by the Dadha family more than a century earlier, it has been lovingly restored by the family and is now part hotel and part museum

The story of the family and the house they built echoes that of Phalodi.  The town was once (and I’m told still is) a centre for salt trading.  The elaborately decorated houses belonged to merchants, usually Jains, who made their fortunes as salt traders.  The salt trade continues, but it is not what it once was.   

The days when an unjust tax on salt could inspire a march to the sea at Dandi are long past.  Other opportunities beckoned, and people migrated to Calcutta, Madras and Bombay, the administrative and business centres of the British presidencies.   

Members of the Dadha family moved to Madras, eventually setting up a chemicals business.  They retained their Phalodi roots even as, over the years, the shoots they had put down in their new homes prospered and grew, and even as they acquired the languages and customs of their new homes.  In many cases (as with the Dadhas), only the family homes remain as reminders of their past in Phalodi.  

 Even today, we occasionally had the sense of being in a ghost town.

Kichan, not Phalodi, was our real destination.  We spent the night at Phalodi only because Kichan, five kilometres away, lacked even the most basic of hotels.  And we were at Kichan because of the birds.

Many species of birds winter in India.  Rajasthan is home to large numbers (and many species) of these winter migrants, and draws bird lovers and ornithologists from around the world.  Kichan, with a few open fields and a couple of small ponds, is on the face of it an unlikely destination for either birds or birders.  There are plenty of large water bodies throughout Rajasthan, and the state itself has become greener over the past several decades.  And yet it is Kichan that boasts of perhaps the most spectacular display of feeding birds.

Birds, Demoiselle Cranes mostly, have been coming here for centuries.  About a century and a half back, some local Jains began leaving grain in the fields for the avian visitors.  Over the years the numbers of birds grew, and today Kichan is home to over 20,000 demoiselle cranes every winter.

By itself that would be a magnificent sight: cranes are graceful creatures, even if their version of birdsong tends to the raucous.  What makes Kichan special is that the cranes follow an orchestrated schedule: you know where they are going to be at any given time of day and for a birder that is a huge blessing.

We arrived at Kichan the previous evening, an hour and a bit more before sunset, just in time to see the last of several flocks finish their evening feed near a small lake before taking off for the night.  There were plenty of other birds going about their business in the lake: pintails, grebes, stilts, lapwings, herons and many others, but the cranes, congregated by the opposite shore, caught and held our eyes.  We caught our first glimpse of their behaviour as a flock.  At some point, they gathered together, turned in the same direction and started moving purposefully, almost as though they were readying for a takeoff.  And takeoff all together they did, the flock flying together towards the setting sun.   

We were awed, but this was the merest appetiser for what we were to see the next morning.

‘We need to be in position by 8.30 latest,’ Nabeel, our guide, informed us.  ‘We need to be on the move by eight.’

Our quick recce of the Phalodi havelis and a hurried breakfast done with, we drove through still sleepy streets and, some fifteen or twenty minutes later, parked on a nondescript street next to an empty, fenced-in, plot of about half an acre.  Single story houses stood on either side and elsewhere on the street.

Sewaramji (left) and Nabeel, our guide

It was a dull, overcast day, but the sharp cries of the cranes was very evident and as we looked up, we saw flock after flock wheeling overhead.  We were welcomed into a small courtyard by the very appropriately named Sewaramji.  A stocky, uniformed man with a stud adorning each ear, Sewaramji is the person responsible for spreading out the birds’ feed – jowar – around the empty plot.  This is a substantial task.  Twenty thousand and more cranes fly in around late August to mid September and leave for their Mongolian and southern Siberian summer homes only in March.  

They consume around 600 kilos of feed every day.  Various Jain charities pay for all this and Sewaramji and his helpers ensure that the food is ready when the birds are.

 

The Chugga Ghar.  The light brown patches are the grain spread on the ground.

8.30am we had been told, and as we climbed onto the terrace of a house adjoining the empty plot, the cranes were everywhere – flying in frenzied circles above us and perching on every empty patch of land all around.  The plot, with the grain spread around, stayed empty. 

And then, with an immense fluttering, a huge flock of pigeons flew past, circled the field once and then landed to begin a feeding frenzy amidst much frantic cooing and clucking.  We had come to see the cranes, not pigeons.  Just wait, Sewaramji assured us, the pigeons always feed first and leave and only then do the cranes come for their feed.  So we waited – and waited – while the pigeons leisurely had breakfast.  Even bird lovers find it difficult to like pigeons and there was much grumbling and noticeable annoyance all around.  In the meanwhile the cranes continued to mass on the open areas all around while small groups circled overhead crying all the while.

The pigeons arrive

Quite abruptly, a third of the pigeon flock took off, then a second third, followed very quickly by the rest leaving only five greedy stragglers and a cat that had strayed into the ground.

A lone crane made the short hop from the open ground over the fence and into the feeding ground.  The cat eyed it and made as if to approach it.   

A few more cranes followed, then even more, and before our eyes the plot began to fill up.   

Soon there were thousands of feeding birds and the cat withdrew in some confusion and alarm.

Demoiselle cranes are midsized birds, about 70-80cm high, but they are the smallest of the cranes. They have red eyes, graceful grey bodies rising up to a long and dark neck with a ruffled bib of feathers in front and a white plume trailing the head.  

Their long necks are extended in flight with their feet tucked back. Perhaps because it was the feeding hour, they were noisy even in flight. 

Known locally as Koonj, these birds are said to have inspired Valmiki’s poetry and are a metaphor for faithful loving couples in the legends and literature of North India.

They were clearly social birds.  The way they flew in flocks for the feed, the way they congregated as they fed with a minimum of jostling and quarreling but with plenty to say as they fed, they way they left in batches as they finished and the way the entire lot moved from place to place around Kichan all suggested strong social bonds.

But the sight (and sounds) of them feeding!  I’ve never seen anything like it and, judging from their comments and loud exclamations, neither had anyone else.  For one thing, there was the sheer number of birds packed into the field, and the racket they were making.  Then, how close we were to them.  Most birds are shy (crows and pigeons excepted of course!) and observing and photographing them requires patience, knowledge of their habits, and heavy duty equipment.  And yet here we were, less than ten metres from the closest birds which were going about their feeding completely oblivious to our presence.   

Artificial?  Perhaps yes in that the feed had been deliberately laid out by human hands.  But the birds’ migration, their presence in Kichan, and their social behaviour as they fed were all for real: nature showcasing herself for us.

As each group finished, they gathered themselves for the choreographed take-off: standing erect and all facing the same direction much like a well-drilled marching squad before taking off much as they had done the previous evening.  We were told that they would fly to the water bodies around Kichan, spending their days there before flying to their roosting grounds in the fields at dusk.

The local populace takes pride in the birds’ presence; they are aware of their movements, timings and habits and ensure that they are protected.  The birds themselves go about their routine unconcerned about the humans they share their space with.  Kichan is not an official sanctuary.  There are no guards or rangers here, no prohibited areas or protected spaces.   

And yet, because the people here have let them be, the Demoiselle cranes come here year after year, increasing in numbers as the years go by.  Perhaps that is a lesson for all of us: there is no reason why we – humans – and they – everything else – cannot peaceably share this land we have all been born into.

And if you want to get a sense of the experience, click on the video below which has footage of our visit to the Chugga ghar of Kichan.

My mother's garden

18th April

It is a sunny summers day in Madras.  I open the gate and stand for a minute.  It is always the same, I enter the garden and my mind is stilled, and life slows down.

This time, I am thankful for this refuge, this personal sanctuary and linger on outside.  I postpone seeing my mother's warm smile and walking in to my father's cheerful chatter as I quietly make my way around the house.

The gnarled trunk of the Bottlebrush tree has always been my favourite, and today, it looks magical with the Peltaforum flowers like little drops of sunshine on the ground

Along the wall, the Quisqualis flowers nod in bunches. 

I stand in their shade and look up at the bright blue sky and Louis Armstrong's "What a Wonderful World" plays in my head.

The Copsia delights my Ikebana senses, with its graceful lines and delicate flowers

Those flowers, in shades of pink and white, so lovely yet so shortlived.

The lipstick red of the Hibiscus blazes in the sun, while in the shade the Amaralis lilies are more muted and elegant I thought.

I had not noticed this creamy bloom before in the garden, was it a new addition, I wondered.  Or has it been so long since I wandered around the back?

The mango flowers were precursors of the coming season

The crows seem to know too, as they hang around and caw.  The mynahs on the coconut tree seemed to be discussing my presence in a most disapproving fashion, while the sunbirds ignored me, too busy in their search for nectar.

A parakeet went screeching into the neighbour's garden, as I moved on further and came across these flowers.  The little white ones, (need to find out what they are called), I wonder if they belong to the grass family.

In the corner by the wall, the spider lilies grow in abundance, happy for the space, the sunshine and the water it seemed.

As I circled back to the front, the always blooming desert rose greeted me.  The seed from this plant has grown in a pot in my balcony, and I love the way it blooms in the hot Madras summer.

Back to the Peltaforum tree that had showered its flowers under the bottle brush, and I have come full circle.

My little "pilgrimage" done.

The oystercatchers

I shall now look at them with new eyes indeed!  This article was linked by Thyagu in our MNS group, as a response to pictures and idying issues.

The incredible bill of the oystercatcher

Inspired both by the clam catches oystercatcher story, and by Greg Laden’s coverage of oystercatcher learning and predation behaviour, I thought it an opportune time to recycle the following from Tet Zoo ver 1. It originally appeared as one of my Ten Bird Meme posts of 2006…

One of my most favourite birds is the extraordinary, charismatic, beautifully interesting oystercatcher (meaing Eurasian oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus: adjacent photo by Bjørn Christian Tørrissen, from wikipedia). One of ten or eleven extant haematopodid species, it sports pied plumage, pinkish legs, and has the heaviest bill of any extant wader. One of the most interesting things about oystercatchers is the fact that they exhibit resource polymorphism, with some populations exhibiting multiple different forms (Skúlason & Smith 1995). ‘Stabbers’ feed by jabbing their laterally compressed bill tips in between the valves of a mussel’s shell, while ‘hammerers’ crack open mussel shells by pounding on them. Some hammerers only break in to the shell on its dorsal side, while others only break in to the ventral side. Others attack only the left side valve, and others only the right valve. Other Eurasian oystercatchers are worm specialists with pointed tweezer-like bill tips. Superimposed on this variation is sexual dimorphism: females have longer, heavier bills than males (bill dimorphism of this sort is now known to be present in many birds) [image below, from Hosking & Hale (1983), shows a worm-eating bird on the left and a ‘hammerer’ on the right. There are other images that better show the variation (there’s a more impressive one in Sutherland (1987)), but I only have poor, very dark photocopies of them)].

First discovered by M. Norton-Griffiths during the 1960s (Norton-Griffiths 1967) – and extensively studied by a great many ornithologists since then – resource polymorphism among oystercatchers was initially thought to be learnt by the birds from their parents (and not genetically determined). It now seems that things are far more flexible, with individuals switching from one behaviour to the other over the years. It’s been said that juveniles can’t really learn how to handle prey from their parents given that many of them are reared inland and are abandoned by their parents before they ever get to the coast (Sutherland 1987). However, some oystercatcher adults that specialise on mussels spend up to 26 weeks teaching their young how to exploit prey (the long apprenticeship of the oystercatcher – longer in those that stab or smash mussels than in those that eat worms or exploit other prey – is well established in the literature: e.g., Wunderle (1991), Safriel et al. (1996)) [in the photo below, by John Haslam, from wikipedia, the adult has provided the juvenile with worms. The pointed tip on the adult’s bill shows that it’s a worm-catcher].

It seems that it’s the behavioural flexibility that controls bill shape, rather than the other way round, and another remarkable thing about oystercatchers is how specialized their bills are for coping with wear. Uniquely among waders, the bill grows at a jaw-dropping 0.4 mm per day (that’s three times faster than the growth rate of human fingernails). This rapid growth means that the bill can change shape very rapidly if the feeding style is changed, and captive individuals that were forced to switch from bivalve-feeding to a diet of lugworms changed from having chisel-shaped bills to tweezer-like bills within 10 days. A-maz-ing.

Given that oystercatchers are fairly large and powerful for waders, and able to smash open bivalve shells, it follows that they are formidable and potentially dangerous to other birds. Certainly males will chase off raptors when defending nesting females. I recall reading accounts of them caving in the heads of other waders during territorial disputes, but unfortunately I can’t remember where (a common problem, despite my well organized library). Most aggressive interactions recorded between oystercatchers, and between oystercatchers and other waders, involve piracy, and in fact some birds obtain most of their food this way, “attacking other birds at an average of five minute intervals during low tide” (Hammond & Pearson 1994, p. 61). As much as 60% of the food of some individuals is obtained by piracy. Finally, oystercatchers are incredibly long-lived, with the record-holder dying at age 35!* Now, come on, that is a truly extraordinary bird.

* Since I wrote this text, a Eurasian oystercatcher that reached the age of 40 has been reported.

For previous ‘Ten Bird Meme’ articles on Tet Zoo see…

• Ifrita the poisonous passerine
• Pseudopodoces, the corvid that wasn’t
• B. rex!
• Attack of the flying steamer ducks
• Fish owls in reverse

And for articles on bill morphology and function in birds see…

• The godwits’ many bills
• An encounter with a crossbill
• Coccothraustes: most bizarre of finches
• Sexual dimorphism in bird bills: commoner than we’d thought
• Woodpeckers: barbed tentacles and the avoidance of brain injury
• Mysterious channels of Alca torda
• Yes, it was a kiwi
• How to prevent cannibalism in pheasants
• The little-known subgenre of Talpanas tribute art

Refs – –

Hammond, N. & Pearson, B. 1994. Waders. Hamlyn, London.

Hosking, E. & Hale, W. G. 1983. Eric Hosking’s Waders. Pelham Books, London.

Norton-Griffiths, M. 1967. Some ecological aspects of the feeding behaviour of the Oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus) on the Edible Mussel (Mytilus edulis). Ibis109, 412-424

Safriel, U. N., Ens, B. J. & Kaiser, A. 1996. Rearing to independence. In Goss-Custard, J. D. (ed) The Oystercatcher: Individuals to Populations (Oxford University Press, Oxford), pp. 210-250.

Skúlason, S. & Smith, T. B. 1995. Resource polymorphisms in vertebrates. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 10, 366-370.

Sutherland, W. J. 1987. Why do animals specialize? Nature 325, 483-484.

Wunderle, J. M. 1991. Age-specific foraging proficiency in birds. In Power, D. M. (ed) Current Ornithology, Volume 8 (Springer), pp. 273-324.